A physician encounters a request from a patient’s family to withhold truth about prognosis; what ethical principle should be considered?

• A. Beneficence
• B. Nonmaleficence
• C. Justice
• D. Respect patient autonomy and provide truthful information; engage in shared decision-making and open communication

Answer: (D)

Respect for patient autonomy and honest communication about prognosis is essential. The patient has the right to know their condition and to participate in decisions about their care. Even if family asks to withhold information, the physician should provide truthful information to the patient and engage in shared decision-making, ensuring the patient’s values guide the plan. While concerns about causing distress exist, deception or withholding information undermines trust and autonomy, which can lead to greater harm. If the patient cannot make decisions, involve a surrogate while still respecting the patient’s known wishes and aiming to discuss prognosis with the patient whenever possible.